An Overview of Pathogenesis of Epilepsy

Abstract

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures, which are sudden and abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can manifest as various symptoms, including convulsions, altered consciousness, and sensory disturbances. The disorder encompasses a range of types and syndromes, classified based on seizure origin, presentation, and underlying causes. Focal (partial) seizures originate in a specific brain region and may cause localized or widespread effects, while generalized seizures involve both cerebral hemispheres and often lead to loss of consciousness. Epilepsy's pathophysiology is multifaceted, involving intricate interactions between genetic factors, brain development, and neurochemical imbalances. Genetic mutations in ion channels, receptors, and signaling pathways disrupt neuronal excitability and synchronization. Neuroinflammation and immune responses play a role, with evidence of autoimmune encephalitis triggering seizures. Dysfunctional synaptic plasticity, mediated by altered glutamate-GABA balance, contributes to increased seizure susceptibility. Abnormalities in neuronal migration, cortical malformations, and epigenetic modifications further fuel the disorder. Advancements in understanding epilepsy's diverse pathogenic mechanisms offer promising avenues for targeted therapies and interventions