Evaluation of Amyloid Plaques in the Nervous System of Alzheimer's Patients with Reference to Non-Pharmacological Treatments in Patients

Abstract

In this study, the assessment of amyloid plaques in the nervous system of Alzheimer's patients has been investigated. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and is associated with high mortality in the elderly. In the current study, by reviewing more than 70 articles and searching for the words amyloid plaques, nervous system, Alzheimer's, non-drug treatments, it was concluded that swelling is caused by the accumulation of lysosomes. Lysosomes are small garbage bag-like compartments made by cells to break down waste products and hold them until they can be eliminated. These lysosomes attach to spherical structures along the axons of brain cells. These swellings are thought to disrupt the ability of brain cells to conduct electrical signals that are essential for forming and consolidating memories. Today, 47 million people worldwide are suffering from this disease, 13% of people over 65 years old and 45% of people over 85 years old are in this group. It is predicted that by 2050, one person will be diagnosed with this disease every 33 seconds and the total number of new cases will reach one million people every year. The main (and now controversial) hypothesis is that amyloid plaques (protein deposits) in the brain play a major role in the development of this disease; But the drugs that target these plaques have given uncertain results in clinical trials. Amyloid beta is a protein of 36 to 43 peptides and the main builder of amyloid plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease. Also, the results showed that a protein called PLD3 (the protein encoded by the PLD3 gene) is highly expressed in globular proteins. Mice engineered to lack the PLD3 gene did not produce lysosome accumulation and had less swelling on their neurons. High levels of PLD3 occasionally lead to lysosomal swelling even in healthy mice. However, it was more pronounced in globular proteins located near amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's mice, indicating that the process of swelling is associated with amyloid plaques.