FLAP DESIGNS FOR PERIODONTAL SURGERY: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF CLINICAL OUTCOMES

Abstract

Flap design is a critical aspect of periodontal surgery, influencing clinical outcomes such as attachment level gain, probing depth reduction, and soft tissue augmentation. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of various flap design techniques, including conventional approaches like full-thickness and partial-thickness flaps, as well as advanced minimally invasive and regenerative flap designs. The selection of an appropriate flap

technique is guided by factors such as the extent of periodontal disease, the presence of anatomical defects, aesthetic considerations, patient preferences, and clinician experience.

Conventional flap designs offer good access and visibility but may be associated with

increased postoperative morbidity and gingival recession. Advanced flap designs, including minimally invasive techniques and regenerative approaches like coronally advanced flaps, have demonstrated promising outcomes in terms of attachment level gain, probing depth reduction, and soft tissue augmentation while minimizing postoperative complications.

Postoperative considerations, such as wound healing, suturing techniques, pain

management, and patient compliance, play a crucial role in the overall success of periodontal surgery. While existing evidence provides valuable insights, limitations such as heterogeneity in study designs and lack of long-term data necessitate further research to better understand the clinical implications of different flap designs. Emerging flap design techniques, including microsurgical approaches, computer-assisted planning, and tissue engineering strategies, may expand treatment possibilities and improve clinical outcomes.